For decades, the global oil system worked in fairly predictable ways. Major producers supplied energy to major consumers, shipping routes remained relatively stable, and geopolitics influenced prices but rarely rewired the entire system. That world is changing. In the past few years, the energy market has quietly undergone one of the biggest structural shifts in modern history. Sanctions, wars, and shifting alliances have created a new oil trade network where barrels move through unexpected routes, new middlemen have emerged, and traditional power centers are adjusting to a new reality. At the center of this transformation are three key players: Russia, India, and the Western alliance. Understanding how these pieces fit together reveals a much larger story about how the global energy order is evolving. The Sanctions That Changed the Market When Western governments imposed sanctions on Russian oil following the invasion of Ukraine, the objective was clear: restrict the revenue that Russ...
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